The Problem of Change in the History of Philosophy E-BOOK

The problem of change has been a central and enduring question in the history of philosophy, shaping debates about the nature of reality, time, causation, and existence. This work explores the evolving perspectives on change, tracing its development from ancient Greek metaphysics to contemporary philosophy and science. Beginning with the opposition between Heraclitus' doctrine of flux and Parmenides' denial of change, the analysis examines how classical thinkers like Plato and Aristotle sought to reconcile permanence and transformation. The narrative moves through medieval Christian theology, as seen in Augustine and Aquinas, where change was reinterpreted in relation to divine immutability and creation.

The Enlightenment's mechanistic models, epitomized by Descartes and Newton, introduced deterministic frameworks that were later challenged by the probabilistic and relativistic insights of modern science. The contributions of Hume and Kant redirected the focus of change from external reality to human cognition, emphasizing the role of perception and a priori structures in shaping temporal experience. In the 19th and 20th centuries, thinkers such as Hegel, Bergson, and Whitehead offered dynamic metaphysical frameworks that foregrounded process, creativity, and becoming as the essence of reality.

Postmodern and deconstructive perspectives, particularly those of Derrida, destabilized traditional metaphysical binaries, framing change as an infinite interplay of difference and deferral. Concurrently, developments in physics, biology, and cosmology provided scientific models of change that challenged and enriched philosophical inquiry.

This study argues that change is not a disruption of order but a fundamental principle of existence, reconciling permanence and transformation through dynamic processes of emergence and relationality. By integrating metaphysical, scientific, and ethical perspectives, it highlights the potential of change as a site of creativity, responsibility, and possibility, offering a framework for navigating the uncertainties of an evolving world.