What is Malabsorption syndrome?

Malabsorption syndrome is a disease resulting from impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients.

What are the causes of Malabsorption syndrome?

Malabsorption syndrome is usually caused by the following:

A. Intraluminal defects

1. Pancreatic enzymes or bile salt deficiencies

2. Gastric or intestinal resection as a result of cancer or obstruction

3. Bacterial overgrowth in the intestine resulting in less nutrient absorption

4. Acid hypersecretion (Zollinger-Ellison) syndrome

B. Intestinal Mucosal Defects

1. Tropical or non tropical sprue characterized by abnormalities of the intestinal villi resulting in poor absorption of food

2. Parasitic disease of the intestinal such as tape-worms which feeds through the mucosa of the intestine

3. Tuberculosis of the intestine can cause damage to inner lining of intestine impeding absorption of food

4. Chemotherapy, drug abuse, radiation can damage the mucosa of the intestines

C. Intestinal lymphatic abnormalities

1. Lymphanigiectasia

2. Congestive heart failure

3. Constrictive pericarditis

What are the symptoms of Malabsorption syndrome?

A person who has Malabsorption syndrome has the following symptoms:

1. Weight loss

2. Anorexia or loss of appetite

3. Abdominal distension and bloating

4. Muscle wasting

5. Steatorrhea (pale bulky frothy stools) usually frequent

Signs:

1. Vitamin deficiency especially vitamin B12 and K and folic acid

2. Mineral deficiencies and anemia

How is the Diagnosis of Malabsorption syndrome made?

Diagnosis can usually be made by:

1. History of weight loss

2. Steatorrhea - measurement of fecal fat is low

3. D-xylose test is abnormal indicating poor carbohydrate absorption

4. Pancreatic function tests by duodenal aspiration

5. Tests for bacterial overgrowth such as:

a. bile acid breath test

b. jejunal cultures

c. urinary tryptophan metabolites

6. Intestinal biopsy

What is the treatment of Malabsorption syndrome?

Treatment depends on the cause:

Non-medicinal:

1. Intravenous fluids, electrolytes, minerals, vitamins

2. Intravenous nutrients and feeding

3. Gluten free diet

4. Restriction of dietary fat

5. Medium chain triglycerides

6. Lactose free diet

Medicinal:

1. Symptomatic treatment of abdominal pain (anticholinrgics) and diarrhea (Imodium)

2. Pancreatic enzymes for pancreatic deficiency

3. Folic acid, vitamins and minerals replacements

4. Antibiotics and antiparasitics for intestinal infections

What is the prognosis of Malabsorption syndrome?

Prognosis depends on the underlying cause.

Most patients usually recover if appropriately treated

Recurrence is quite common.

What are the preventive measures for Malabsorption syndrome?

Avoid Chemotherapy and drugs which affect the mucosa of the intestine

Avoid food in the tropics

Avoid gastritis or excessive acid in the stomach

TABLE OF CONTENT

Chapter 1 Malabsorption

Chapter 2 Celiac Disease

Chapter 3 Crohn's Disease

Chapter 4 Giardiasis

Chapter 5 Pancreatic Cancer

Chapter 6 , Tropical Sprue